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How does a home battery work? The whole route, from your roof to your kettle

A hundred kilowatt-hours go in. Eighty-five come out. Those fifteen did not disappear. This is the full route one kilowatt-hour takes from your roof to your kettle, with the arithmetic included: why a solar panel cannot produce anything but DC, why a plug-in battery sits at 48 volts while a fixed installation does not, and the four places where that fifteen percent leaves as heat.